Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. Donald Trump instead attacks, right? Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. Our findings must be confirmed by other studies comparing other electoral campaigns and taking into account the written form (e.g. JENNIFER MERCIECA: Thank you for having me. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. "Rhetorical force is achieved by the strategy of combining reiteration with contrast . A more interesting finding is the presence of the pronoun I in the most over-used terms by only two runners: Trump and Clinton. The last row of Table 4 reports the values of this Q-index for all candidates. Two types draw major attention: in augural addresses and "crisis" speeches. 8 25 Through content analysis this thesis was designed to determine whether persuasive The two closest candidates are Bush and Rubio (0.104), while the second shortest distance (0.114) joins Clinton with Sanders. Exploring the Power of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Words through Diamante Poetry. What happens in an ad hominem persuasive technique? They then analyze the suggestions made by Galbraith and Stevenson and compare them to the delivered version of the speech. Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidenti, clauses: building and refining compound and c, Clauses: Building and Refining Compound and C, Writing and Argumentative Essay about the Nob, Analyzing Rhetorical Techniques in Machiavell, ELA 10 - Analyzing a Seminal US Document (Pre, Analyzing Ideas, Structure, and Purpose in Ma, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, AP English Language Glossary (***Rhetorical T. For all candidates, except for Cruz or Paul, the term people appears in the top four most frequent topical words. With a longer distance, one can find the team Rubio and Cruz, with Bush having some affinities with this pair. More broadly, rhetorical strategies also include rhetorical devices and rhetorical appeals. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. President Abraham Lincoln, in his inaugural address, addresses the topic of the civil war and its effects on the nation and argues that America could be unified once more. (2007) were able to determine the personalities of different political candidates (US presidential election in 2004). Students explore the ways that powerful and passionate words communicate the concepts of freedom, justice, discrimination, and the American Dream in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. He argues about the values of hard work and taking responsibility for paving your own way to success, even though the obstacles seems difficult. The results indicated the prominent role of logos in presidential speeches as the most frequent strategy. Virginia ranked among the largest, wealthiest, and most populous colonies in 1775, and her political and military support for independence would be crucial for success. More generally, Fig. In other words, the text P0 contains significantly more occurrences of the corresponding term than expected by a uniform distribution over the whole corpus. In this lesson plan, students consider the rhetorical devices in the address JFK delivered on January 20, 1961. Note. Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. X European trade unionists hierarchical clustering built on the complete link) to visualize the different groups of candidates according to their stylistic profiles. tweets, blogs, chats) was used by OConnor et al. 2. One can also see that all values are relatively close to 19, except for Trump who is adopting an even more simple and direct communication style. Thus, which keywords or expressions can well describe each candidate and can be used to denote his/her difference? Splitting the vocabulary into two distinct parts is relatively known in stylistic (Damerau, 1975), authorship attribution (Argamon and Levitan, 2005; Stamatatos, 2009), or in quantitative linguistics studies (Tuzzi, 2010). What did the author have to keep in mind when composing the text? The sentence is longer that the MSL (18.3) for this candidate. Teachers can choose to have students focus on one or more historical inaugurations and analyze the speeches by looking at the historical challenges facing the nation, topics discussed in the. Similar research has been conducted with other languages, such as Italian (Pauli and Tuzzi, 2009). On the other hand, when all those types are lexical words, PTC reaches the maximum value of 1.0 or 100%. The author wants to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and remarks. identify an authors purposeful manipulation of language. Even if pronouns are more frequent in dialogue or in oral form than in written communication (Biber and Conrad, 2009), the high frequency of I and we is a fundamental characteristic of political speech. And we've seen that has really specific results. of ! Of course, other models can be used as, for example, the hypergeometric one (Baayen, 2008) which could be viewed as the exact distribution. A candidate who wants to stay in the race must put forward him/her-self. Finally, have students work on writing their papers by writing their introductions with an enticing grab or hook. If time permits, have students share their work. Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. From George Washington to George W. Bush, Delta: a measure of stylistic difference and a guide to likely authorship, Testing the thematic concentration of text, Cutting the Gordian Knot: the moving-average type-token ratio (MATTR), The use of function word frequencies as indicators of style, Quantitative authorship attribution: an evaluation of techniques, Text as data: the promise and pitfalls of automatic content analysis methods for political texts, Verbal Style and the Presidency. PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: He's walking out, like, with big high-fives, smiling, laughing. 3.3 Understanding the Writing Assignment; 3.4 Creating the Thesis; 3.5 Revising Your Draft(s) . the relative frequency of different pronouns, positive emotions) and using a set of composite indices reflecting the cognitive complexity, presidentially, or honesty of each candidate. 7. Usually Senators (e.g. With this choice, the person can be viewed by the audience as distant and cold (Pennebaker, 2011). Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes. He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. During an electoral campaign, the word tax is clearly more recurrent than budget to discuss financial issue, in part because the term tax is closer to citizens perception than the budget is. One can consider that electoral speeches delivered by the candidates correspond also to an oral communication form and thus can be included in our corpus. Whether the speech is meant to inform, persuade, or entertain, it can be analyzed for its rhetorical intent. The tone shifts throughout the selection. . From a topical perspective, our analysis generates a map showing the affinities between candidates. The president must make a speech that appeals to the audience while being professional. SHAPIRO: While this is out of the ordinary for a president, where have we seen this kind of language in the past? of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. Entering History: Nikki Giovanni and Martin Luther King, Jr. Freedom of Speech and Automatic Language: Examining the Pledge of Allegiance, Giving Voice to Students Through "This I Believe" Podcasts, For Argument's Sake: Playing "Devil's Advocate" with Nonfiction Texts, And in Conclusion: Inquiring into Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions, Developing Evidence-Based Arguments from Texts. As an interesting first case, one can analyze the most characteristic sentence from Kasichs comments, which is the following: I have balanced budgets, the federal budget, the state of Ohio budget, we're running a 2 billion dollar surplus, were up 400,000 jobs, and in Washington we were able to have significant job growth whenever we balanced the budget of which I was the architect. (J. Kasich, 6 February 2016). On the other hand, OMalley shows the smallest Q-index value indicating more a text oriented toward description. These personality measurements were in agreement with different opinion polls. More recently, the web-based communication channels have been studied, but in this perspective, those studies are using more often tweets and less frequently blogs, or audio and video media (e.g. To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. As another frequently used word, one can see say (five candidates), country, know, go (four candidates), and president, think for three candidates. So when you have a president using . Peer Response Handout: Students use this worksheet to examine and answer questions regarding their peer's essay. O A person is attacked rather than an argument. tgm=-~dH++jD$f+[zwZT]R-QnGG!B_>L{\DIm$N`=jD`j8=P:&Wm/? Finally, her email case and FBI investigations were a real concern for her image in the public, especially during the general election campaign. To compute this value, the word types are ranked according to their absolute frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent one. The presence of long sentences (OMalley, Clinton, Sanders) indicates a substantiated reasoning or specifies the presence of detailed explanations. Help students find the author of the speech because this will challenge some students. In your essay, you will identify strategies and analyze how the speaker uses them to represent his or her position. The value of this talent is also highly desirable among employers in . Which type of appeal does Reagan use in this part of the speech? Allow students to read and/or perform parts of the speeches out loud. Determine the cost of goods sold for 210,000 units, assuming a FIFO cost flow, a. causes the effective price to sellers to increase, b. affects the welfare of buyers of the good but not the welfare of sellers, c. causes the equilibrium quantity of the good to decrease, d. creates a burden that is usually borne entirely by the sellers of the good. Using the LIWC system, Slatcher et al. High values indicate the presence of a rich vocabulary showing that the underlying text exposes many different topics or that the author tends to present a theme from several angles with different formulations. The total number of lemmas in part P0 (or its length) is denoted n0, similarly with P1 and n1, and the length of the entire corpus is defined by n = n0 + n1. Step 1: Identify a Speech. It should be noted that, regarding the four indices, Clinton is closer to OMalley or Cruz than to Trump. xZs8b5I&3;{p3_-Gv655-?-)_n g,~ "F+ ~|z-}swG\TssT^X^_,o,b/-_,k]$^Rd nW.rx With a growing open access offering, Wiley is committed to the widest possible dissemination of and access to the content we publish and supports all sustainable models of access. When used appropriately, this strategy can allow for a well-developed and persuasive approach to communication, whether in writing or everyday conversation. From overall stylistic measurements shown in Table 3, Ted Cruz appears with higher values than the mean. Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. You saw people over the last few weeks planning an insurrection and, in fact, invading the Capitol and then later saying, I'm here because my president told me to be. The MERCIECA: Yeah, he's absolutely used the fire hose of propaganda model. Just considering the ten most frequent words, similar sets appearing with each candidate and the difference between them lies on their ranking as shown previously. The underlying hypothesis is to assume that the words serve as guides to the way the author thinks, acts, or feels. As one can see from his most specific terms and sentences, Cruzs concerns are related to a reform of the fiscal system, and the health care system. As another aspect, one can view that the preferred pronoun is we and not I. Providing the most over-used terms is sometimes not enough to have a clear understanding of the candidates position on a given issue. More than half the articles published by rhetorical critics during this period concern a single presidential speech. With a similar value and following the same tendency, one can find Trump and Paul. The present study is focusing on two less explored aspects, namely, the electoral campaign on the one hand, and on the other, the oral form. For example, positive emotion words occur more frequently in Democrats tweets than in Republican ones, as well as swear expressions, or first singular person pronouns (e.g. The third longest distance (0.180) can be found between Trump and Cruz. Slight lexical differences can sometimes be important because, as mentioned by Lakoff and Wehling (2012), language is politics. We'll see. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. This study found a positive correlation between the presidential approval polls and positive tweets containing the hashtag #obama. Using the maximum likelihood principle, this probability is estimated as p(ti) = (tfi0 + tfi1)/n. Here, rhetoric is defined as the art of effective and persuasive speaking, the way to motivate an audience, while language style is presented as pervasive and frequent forms used by an author for mainly esthetical value (Biber and Conrad, 2009). Alliteration: Two or more words in a row that start with the same sound. Me and the workers? Accuracy and availability may vary. This phenomenon appears in other languages and countries when analyzing electoral speeches as, for example, in France (Labb and Monire, 2008b). Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. Oftentimes, students assume the speaker is the author, and thats sometimes not the case. (They might be surprised at the answer. As demonstrated previously, Trump opted for a simple and direct communication style, preferring short sentences with simple words. Where? Grounded on the MSL, LD, and BW indicators, one can see that Trump is adopting a more direct communication style, selecting simple words and producing short sentences. Decide whether you want to allow more than one student to analyze and write about the same speech in each class. Myself and the future government? For Session Five, students should bring in their papers. Former President Clintons I Have Sinned Speech. such as press releases; Labb and Monire, 2013). Analysis, Pages 4 (864 words) Views. Presidential Studies Quarterly (PSQ) is the only scholarly journal that focuses on the most powerful political figure in the world the president of the United States. Some places to look for speeches include: American Rhetoric: This has lists of famous speeches with full text and audio/visual for most. 1 obtained using the R software (Paradis, 2011; Saitou and Nei, 1987). Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address Rhetorical Analysis. The h-point is defined as the point where the frequency is equal to the rank. Unit 1 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment. Senators Cruz or OMalley have a more sophisticated communication style, employing longer sentences and a more complex lexicon. This analysis is based on the thematic concentration of a text, providing a first overview at the recurrent topical terms used by each candidate. Table 4 presents these distributions, in percentage, over the nine candidates. He's also changed the way political leaders talk. Direct students to, Remind students that their work will be evaluate using the. What are bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity? The students will discuss their speeches and their research thus far. Moreover, the temporal period of the documents constitutes an important factor explaining the variations between presidents or prime ministers. What is the impact of the loaded language in this paragraph? All rights reserved. Provide a copy of the. Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). The only time that you see presidents using the rhetorical strategy of reification, which is treating people as objects, is when they're using war rhetoric. Once the speechwriter is identified, it is easier to find information on the speech. Taking another strategy, one can use the h-point splitting the vocabulary into two parts. Similarly, written texts can be memorized and then spoken. Beside time frame, exceptional events (e.g. Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. The sentence boundaries are defined by the POS tagger (Toutanova et al., 2003) and correspond to strong punctuation symbols (namely, periods, question, and exclamation marks). These three speeches are President Barack Obamas speech to children in 2009, George H.W. MERCIECA: You see them respond. Select two options. SHAPIRO: You know, you say President Trump attacks people, and that's broadly true as a figure of speech. Jacques Savoy, Analysis of the style and the rhetoric of the 2016 US presidential primaries, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, Volume 33, Issue 1, April 2018, Pages 143159, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx007. With this information one can derive the lemma by removing the plural form of nouns (e.g. Other intertextual measures have been chosen as, for example, the chi-square (Grieve, 2007), the Delta (Burrows, 2002), or using the Kullback-Leibler divergence (Zhao and Zobel, 2007). To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. A speech analysis is an evaluation of a speech. His image was centered around his verbosity, egocentricity, and pomposity. This value indicates that Trump prefers to reuse the same words and expressions, repeating his main ideas and convictions. Jobs' speech can be divided into five parts which are the introductory part to evoke the graduates' interest regarding the topic discussed, the three life anecdotes, and the . His writing is uses many analogies. A relatively high LD percentage indicates a more complex text, containing more information. During the 2016 primaries, the average value per candidate reported in Table 3 (label MSL) confirms this tendency with a mean varying from 21.9 (OMalley) to 13.7 (Trump). A Rhetorical Criticism and Analysis of President Ronald Reagan's Inaugural Address: Applying the Burkeian Dramatistic Pentad Approach Marzuki Jamil Baki bin Haji Mohamed Johar Bachik Eastern Illinois University This research is a product of the graduate program inSpeech Communicationat Eastern Illinois University. Can one measure the stylistic distance between the candidates in both parties? Hillary appears more feminine than the other candidates, using more I than we, and showing a higher frequency in the category Human interest (e.g. Reserve the library for Session Three so the students can do research on their speeches. Due to space limitations, not all possible candidates have been retained. Currently, the preference goes to a shorter formulation, simpler to understand for the audience. These results present also the stylistic evolution over more than two centuries and can be compared to those achieved using traditional methods as, for example, by Lim (2002). To achieve this objective, this study analyzes the oral communication forms used by the candidates during the TV debates. Which statement from a city mayor's speech is an example of hyperbole? This resource has been aligned to the Common Core State Standards for states in which they have been adopted. The next section presents some related research in computer-based analysis of political speeches. On 20th, January in the year 2009, he took an oath of office as the 44th president of America. Inside the Republican party, the outcome of the fight was more uncertain, in part by the larger number of candidates (seventeen vs. six), and the leading position occupied by Jeb Bush in the beginning of the primaries. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research; professional development; and education. So, you know, a typical president would sit down with a reporter and answer questions. Table 6 shows the top ten most over-used terms for each candidate. The analysis will use the oral communication form, a more direct and spontaneous way of interacting, reflecting more closely the personal style of each candidate. Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. I, me). A text or a dialogue with a high percentage of BW tends to be more complex to understand. . May 2018. 1 is present in the elaboration of Fig. feminine, emotion, leadership), as well as her/his style (e.g. You may also use the glossary to help you. From data depicted in Table 3, one can see that the TTR value reaches a minimum of 29.7 (Trump) to a maximum of 37.9 (OMalley). For him, all appearances and comments on the media were an opportunity for self-promotion. endobj As each candidate is represented by her/his remarks in the TV debates, one can compute a distance reflecting their similarities (Labb and Labb, 2006). Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. Bushs speech to children in 1991, and Ronald Reagans speech to children in 1988. Also, the analysis indicated three contrastive themes of religion, time, and participant . The rhetorical situation analysis consists of four elements: audience, occasion, speaker and speech, each assessing the quality of speech. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Donald Trump's rhetoric has elicited comparisons to former Alabama governor George Wallace. functional words) are rather limited. Moreover, usually the we is more associated with the government, the president, or the prime minister (Pennebaker, 2011). Yesterday, December 7, 1941a date which will live in infamythe United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). The class should discuss audience and the importance of identifying the audience for speeches, since they occur in particular moments in time and are delivered to specific audiences. When considering overall stylistic indicators (see Table 3), Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders present a high LD value as well as a higher number of BW and TTR ratio than the mean. The authors scrutinized the role of the audience in Bush's and Obama's victory speeches. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. That is what Barack Obama, the president of the United States, tries to do in his speech "Back to School " delivered at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, on September 8, 2009. With this foundation, even if you are just starting out, you can become . We are in the final hours of Donald Trump's presidency. To achieve this, the computation ignored all functional words for all texts. To highlight the different styles adopted by the candidates, Biber and Conrad (2009) indicate that such a study should be based on ubiquitous and frequent forms. 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